Communicating at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communicating at Work - Essay Example Proper communication is necessary to resolve conflicts that may happen among employees when job satisfaction decreases (Masters and Albright). When there is no communication between the supervisor and the subordinate, the former becomes oblivious to the latter’s needs and demands thus putting the latter under job stress which increases his dissatisfaction. This has bad effects on the organization in the long run. The manager has to remain informed about his employees and the only way he can do it is through communicating with them about what they want to get and what they need to do to achieve organizational goals. Workers need to communicate among themselves so that they can share views and ideas, and stay stress free. This is internal communication. External communication is also as much important which involves communicating with partners, shareholders and the customers. All this adds to the organization’s integrity and rapport which pays off in the long run in the f orm of employee and customer satisfaction. Works Cited Masters, Marick Francis, and Robert R. Albright. The Complete Guide to Conflict Resolution in the Workplace. USA: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn, 2002.

Socrates Beliefs And Philosophical Statements

Socrates Beliefs And Philosophical Statements According to the Athenians, Socrates was an ugly man. One who walked through the city and humiliated authoritative figures in public places with many people around. Many would say that he made the weaker argument stronger. Throughout Socrates life, he was always looking for truth. Socrates went about his life following his ways, questioning people about their own beliefs, until he was brought to trial by a group of men on the charges of corrupting the youth and impiety. When looking at Socrates life, one of the most important and significant quotes from Socrates is The unexamined life is not worth living. We are able to understand the meaning of this quote by first looking at Socrates philosophy. When analysing his philosophy, using Platos Apology, we are able to divide it into three main parts, Socratic irony, method and ethos. In the first section of my essay I will explain these three components of Socrates philosophy and show how these components are related to the statement The unexamined life is not worth living. In the second part of my essay, I will proceed to talk about my own philosophy and how I disagree with Rauhuts definition of philosophy. In the first section, I will begin by talking about Socratic irony. Much of Socrates beliefs and philosophical statements are very ironic. For example, when the Oracle of Delphi says that Socrates is the wisest man in Athens and Socrates does not understand why. Socrates goes about figuring out why the Oracle would say this by finding others in higher standing, the professionals and asking those people questions about themselves and their knowledge. Socrates would quiz them and try to determine whether he felt they were wise. He would also ask whether they thought of themselves as wise. Most would claim that yes they were indeed wise, but Socrates did not feel that any of them they were. Later, Socrates decides that he is indeed the wisest man in Athens because he knows that he is not wise. People that think they are wise are not because they indeed know nothing. Socrates knows that he knows nothing and comes to the conclusion that he is the wisest man in all Athens because he knows that he knows nothing. How can someone be the wisest man in Athens and still know nothing? Socrates beliefs and philosophical statements are comprised of contradictory statements that to many of the people of Athens, made no sense. I thought this man seemed to be wise both to many others and especially to himself, but he was not; and then I tried to show him that he thought he was wise, but was not. (Plato, 507) Socrates trial itself is ironic in a way as well. He was accused of being a corruptor of the youth and impiety. As far as impiety goes, Socrates claimed that he was carrying out the will of the gods. Impiety is the lack of respect or concern for Athenian gods and according to Socrates he was carrying out the gods will, implying that he is completely pious. When looking at the accusation, his accusers claim that he is corrupting the youth. Socrates refutes this argument by stating that he did not corrupt the youth of Athens because he had no intentions of doing so. In order t o corrupt someone, they must have the intentions and the knowledge, and he had neither. He is not teaching the youth of Athens anything, he is merely encouraging the knowledge which they already have to come out, which lead us into the Socratic Method. When analysing Socrates philosophy, another significant part of his philosophy is his method. He looked at himself not as a teacher, but as a midwife. He does not teach anyone anything they did not know already, but he, with the proper questions, is able to bring out the knowledge that they already have. In essence he is helping someone give birth to their knowledge, helping to recollect the knowledge that they already have. The Socratic Method revolves mostly around question and answer. Socrates would begin by asking what something is. For example, at the start of Socrates trial, he begins by asking for definitions of such terms as justice, piety, friendship and virtue. Beginning with the question Socrates would wait for an answer and would always be able to refute the definition because all of the definitions he receives result in contradictions. Socrates is able to, through this method of question and answer, show others about what justice is by showing them what it is not, never coming up with what it is in a positive sense. Thus Socrates is teaching someone about something without teaching them anything new about that thing. Socrates would also just question people in an ordinary conversation. Instead of just simply telling the person what he wanted to prove he would quiz them and try to get them to say the point of which he is trying to get across with his questions. An example of this is in his trial when Socrates is refuting his accusation of corrupting the youth. now then, say who makes them better, inform the court who he is. You see, Meletos, you are silent, and a sufficient proof of what I am just saying, that you have cared nothing about it? Come, say, my good man, who makes them better? (Plato, 511) This process is continued and Meletos proceeds to give his explanations, but Socrates does not buy into any of them. Socrates also believed that since he was condemned to death by the court, it must have been the will of the gods that his life was to e nd and because of this he had refused many offers from his friends to escape Athens and live somewhere where he was welcomed by the people. This shows us that within his method of philosophy lies an ethical part which binds him to always tell the truth and not to be sinful, which is also part of his ethos. The last major part of Socrates philosophy was his ethos. He was an extremely ethical in everything he did. Socrates spent most of his life examining the lives of others. He continued to do this even though these people did not want him to do so. Going back to the Socratic Method, Socrates would typically do this using question and answer. With this method in mind, he was able to make many people, who also were people of a high standing in the political life of Athens, look like fools in front of all of their peers. He continued to analyze these people in search of the truth. Truth was the most important thing to Socrates and he was always searching for it even though it led him to his eventual death. Socrates, also, never took any money for any of the work he did. He spent most of his life in poverty because he believed that what he was doing was not work. He never taught anybody anything. He was only helping them to remember what they had forgotten and that, to Socrates, was not wo rk. Through understanding these three main parts of Socrates philosophy, we are able to better understand the meaning of his statement The unexamined life is not worth living. According to his life and philosophy, if he had not gone around examining his own life and others, to him, it would not be worth living. Socratic irony helps us to understand his statement because he used this irony to help him to better understand life. Many of his ideas were ironic, but led him to a better understanding of truth. Socratic Method shows us how analytical Socrates truly is. He spends his life asking people questions and looking for answers that will help him to have a better understanding of truth. Finally Socratic ethos shows us how Socrates would continue to search for truth regardless of the consequences. Being a very philosophical man and having the desire to find truth he would not have had any value in life if he had not looked deeper than what we can see and feel. It was important to him to h ave a purpose in life, examine his own life and the life that many others lead and finally give others the opportunity to see the world through his eyes. At this point, I will begin by defining Rauhuts definition of philosophy and how I interpret it. I will then show how I dont completely agree with his definition and provide my own definition and what my philosophy is. I will also talk about why philosophy is important to me and a philosophical question that has troubled me in my life. We can define philosophical questions as questions that involve conceptual analysis and that require for their solutions more than observations and experimentation. Philosophical questions are open questions in the sense that we cannot easily predict what would constitute a satisfactory solution to then. No scientific procedure can produce a quick answer to philosophical questions. (Rauhut, 8 9) As stated in this quote, Rauhut proceeds to define philosophy as the study of open questions that will ultimately lead us to a better understanding of life and the world around us. He gives us examples of such questions and all of his questions fit into this definition. I, however, do not completely agree with his definition. Indeed most philosophical questions are open questions, but I think it goes a little further than just being open questions. Philosophy to me is studying questions that are related to life and death, what the true meaning of life is and what happens to us when we die. When looking at many philosophical questions we can see that all of these have something to do with life and death. Like many of Socratic or Platonic theories and philosophies, there is always something that relates to life and death. Platos theory of the Forms, Recollection and many of Socrates theories about what is a soul, the afterlife, and others are examples that relate philosophy to life and death. All of these, in one way or another relate to life and death. Although I had never really thought about it as being philosophical, I have always been interested in what happens to our conscientiousness when we die. Do we continue on in some parallel plain and be happy in an afterlife or do we simply cease to exist, go on into a dreamless sleep, without any anxieties. When I start thinking about this question it baffles my brain. I couldnt imagine having a dreamless sleep for an eternity, but I cant necessarily say that there will be a definite afterlife where our conscientiousness moves on to. Socrates presents both of these arguments in The Phaedo, but he is never actually able to come up with a clear for sure result that is guaranteed to happen. Then again, no one will ever know until they die, but depending on if we slip into a dreamless sleep, we could never really know what happens to us because we will no longer be able to retain any knowledge or even be able to think. There really is no way someone could answer this question because ther e is no one alive that knows what happens when you die. This is a question that I am sure that many people have or will wrestle with at some point in their lives and philosophy is important because it allows people to analyze these questions and really gets them thinking about their own personal beliefs and whether or not their beliefs can really hold true for them. Thus my own definition of philosophy is the study of open questions about life and death. Philosophical questions all have some relation to life and the world around us as well as death and the afterlife. We all wrestle with questions like these, but not everyone would realize that they are thinking philosophically. Philosophy is more important to us than most people realize. In some capacity or another everyone is a philosopher and everyone comes across questions that could change their beliefs completely.

Chicago Hope :: essays research papers

Chicago Hope, David E. Kelly’s infamous doctor-drama, premiered on September 18, 1994. Six years later, the show was canceled after its final season’s finale, which aired on May 4, 2000. Even though â€Å"Hope† couldn’t beat its direct competitor ER in the ratings race, the show still had a lot of good things going for it. Chicago Hope was nominated for a myriad of highly prestigious awards during its run. Many of these awards were lost to ER and other dramas but leading-lady Christina Lahti did receive both an Emmy and a Golden Globe for her performances on the show. Critic Mark Harris, even when as far as saying, â€Å"Lahti is, no question, the best dramatic actress in prime time.† (Entertainment Weekly, Oct. 4, 1996 p.51) Also, Hector Elizondo received an Emmy for his supporting role and people involved in off screen production won multiple awards. Chicago Hope was loved by critics even when being directly compared to ER. Chicago Hope was basically CBS’s answer to ER; a drama about doctors, taking place in a teaching hospital in Chicago, that aired on Thursdays at ten. The cast was constantly changing due to the constant ratings battle CBS was waging against NBC. Behind the scenes, CBS put its money on Executive Producer/Writer David E. Kelly who, at the time, was just coming off a successful run with Picket Fences; while NBC also went with a big name Producer/Writer/Novelist in Michael Crichton. Also, â€Å"Hope† used numerous directors and guest directors over the course of its six-year run, keeping the show fresh. Aside from the battle with ER and the constantly changing staff, this show definitely met or exceeded all of the requirements for a â€Å"quality TV† series outlined by Professor Robert J. Thompson in his book Television’s Second Golden Age. Chicago Hope was not your everyday TV escape. It was a show that made the viewer actually think about what was going on in both the show and the real world. It brought up issues that actually affected the lives of the people watching. It dealt with controversial issues like death, birth control, and AIDS. In the words of critic Ken Tucker, â€Å"†¦in a fall season with little quality [this is a] solid drama.† (Entertainment Weekly, Sept. 23, 1994 p. 52) Furthermore, â€Å"Hope† was the brainchild of Producer David E. Kelly, which, before the premiere even aired, meant that it was of high quality.

Baby Bargains

According to Buckland’s journal Information as Thing, information is situational. As such, it must be useful to a user in a particular situation to be considered relevant. The book Baby Bargains is both useful and relevant to all first-time parents in preparation for the upcoming addition to their household by providing guidance on how and where to buy quality baby necessities at a reasonable cost. Baby Bargains was first published and made available to the public in 1994 and has experienced an extended shelf life due to its updated editions.This now well-known work entered the information lifecycle some 13 years earlier destined to be updated and adapted for years to come. Baby Bargains has metamorphasized and gone through multiple adaptations with a companion television talk show and the addition of a website and blog. The Baby Bargains concept is a prime example of the dissemination, retrieval and use of relevant information. To understand its progression through the inform ation lifecycle it is helpful to examine how it fills an end user’s need, the birth of the first edition and subsquent publishing history as well as its eventual transformation into a website.Need My initial encounter with Baby Bargains occurred during my pregnancy in July of 2005, when I was given the book by a friend. Since it was the first child for my husband and myself, we were excited but at the same time apprehensive over our lack of knowledge. There are literally millions of couples with the same need for knowledge, as evidenced by the extreme popularity of nonfiction books regarding pregnancy, childbirth and preparation for a new baby. Creation Denise and Alan Fields, who co-wrote Baby Bargains, were first time parents at one time, too.Inspired by the birth of their own sons Ben and Jack, the Fields launched a consumer crusade to find the best deals for new parents and ultimately published Baby Bargains. Baby Bargains is a well-researched, comprehensive resource for parents-to-be. The authors combined their own experience with extensive investigation and interviews with more than a thousand first-time parents across the country to compile the information presented in the book. It provides insights into which baby products are top rated and which are not recommended due to price and/or dearth of function.Baby Bargains is organized into chapters categorized by type of product. Each chapter contains a list of items necessary for the expectant parent with easy-to-read charts that allows users to compare these products in terms of price, quality, brand name, and durability. The charts include a summary and brief explanation of the content of an item in an compact, uncomplicated format that is clear and provides an easy way for users to visualize the comparisons. According to Robert Taylor’s â€Å"Value Added Model†, this book adds ACCESS 3 (subject summary) value by using charts.The chapters and their corresponding charts are quite com prehensive yet ergonomic for the average consumer. Publishing and dissemination Since the first edition of Baby Bargains was published in 1994, the popularity of the book garnered nearly instant notoriety for the Fields. The list of commercial marketing appearances the authors have enjoyed include features on Oprah, NBC’s Dateline, ABC’s 20/20, The Today Show as well as newspaper and magazine articles written about the couple and their book. Print editions of Baby Bargains now exceed 700,000 copies.In order to keep the information current, seven editions have been created with the addition of new products and updates on existing items. Revisions include current product values as well as reliability and validity results of the products tested. The authors strive to keep Baby Bargains as up-to-date as possible; about 30 – 40% of the content changes with each edition. These updates ensure the book remains current and a valuable resource to the end user. Retrieval a nd use According to Trent Hill’s lecture on Knowledge Organization, metadata refers to document attributes, document structure, and relations between documents.Several pieces of metadata are attached to the book and website of Baby Bargains. The metadata used to describe the book’s attributes include the title, authors (the Fields are well-known consumer writers), date, edition, description of illustrations, and call number. The website’s metadata is the web domain name (www. babybargains. com) and the fact that it is based on the Baby Bargains print edition. Modification and transformation In 1996, www. babybargains. com was formed to be a companion to, and include information from, the book.When viewed within the FRBR model, Baby Bargains encompasses a complex maze of works, expressions, manifestations, and items. Baby Bargains the book is a work and the companion website is an additional work; each has a unique theme and data. There is one example of an expre ssion of the book in its publication. The book has not been translated into other languages but each edition is published by Windsor Peak Press. There are seven manifestations of the book in the form of its prior updated editions, which are published roughly every two years.The Baby Bargains website consists of two overt expressions. One of these is the information that paralells the book and the other expression is the blog which provides current news on baby products including safety recalls and price changes. Bonus material and a message board for users’ interaction complete the comprehensive nature of the website. When each new edition of Baby Bargains is released, registered website users are encouraged to read the updated version of the book in order to obtain the latest information due to changes of content.This has worked well for the Fields as being an inexpensive yet effective method for informing users about updates and and changes to the print version. A blog link was also added to the website, giving the authors yet another forum for advertising new editions and updates in a timely manner. A message board on the site links users and provides a forum for asking questions and receiving answers, opening the lines of communication between parties with a shared interest. Collection Baby Bargains is a piece from the collections of both public and personal libraries.It is also available through the University of Washington library catalog system. The print book is not owned by the University library nor the summit libraries although it can be obtained through interlibrary loan. According to Matt Saxton’s lecture on â€Å"What is a Collection? †, a collection has certain information for certain audiences. Baby Bargains is not an ordinary part of an academic library’s collection since these institutions do not collect what is considered to be a consumer book. Searching for this workI obtained the work Baby Bargains very easily à ¢â‚¬â€œ through a friend of mine during my pregnancy. It is available in a large variety of bookstores and can be located without any searching effort or retrieval process. Editions of Baby Bargains starting with the 4th and continuing through the current edition are easily accessed through the public library catalog system where they can be directly compared side by side. The Baby Bargains website and blog comes up quickly and easily within the first two listings by using the online search engine Google. ClosingThis assignment caused me to think in fresh ways about how information is disseminated and updated. I feel I was challenged to examine the meaning and purpose of metadata in information systems, as well as the process by which information becomes a work, an expression, and a manifestation. The information lifecycle provides a valuable framework for understanding information such as that which is contained in Baby Bargains throughout its development and as a whole. It is part iculalry useful as a foundation upon which to build my study of library and information science.

Comparing Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King on Unjust Laws Essay

In today’s society, it is often unclear where to draw the line between good morals and effective government. It is for this reason that many times, laws that are enacted for the â€Å"good of the people† can be in direct conflict with a person’s conscience. Due to the various struggles that the United States has faced in building a government, this topic has been a popular discussion throughout American literature. Although they did not live during the same time, American writers Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, Jr. ach wrote about how a person should not follow laws that they believe to be immoral. Thoreau’s main concern pertained to the legal existence of slaves and slave-owners, and a century later, King spoke out against legal segregation in the South. In his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† Martin Luther King, Jr. shares the same attitude with Henry David Thoreau’s work, â€Å"Civil Disobedience† concerning just and unjust laws; however, they each had different means of executing their beliefs. Both men agree that if a law is unjust, it is one’s duty to break that law, and do instead what they believe to be right. Thoreau considers that when unjust laws exist, a person has three choices of action: obey them, obey them while working to change them, or transgress them at once. He proposes, â€Å"It is not a man’s duty†¦to devote himself to the eradication of†¦even the most enormous wrong; †¦but it is his duty, at least, to wash his hands of it, and†¦not to give it practically his support. † (Thoreau 4). Thoreau also ponders whether it is better to decide what is right and wrong by one’s own conscience. He declares, â€Å"It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right. The only obligation which I have a right to assume, is to do at any time what I think right. † (Thoreau 1). King, who was a devout clergyman, places one’s moral obligations under the eyes of God. He defines a just law as â€Å"†¦a man-made code that squares with the†¦law of God. † (King 177). King and Thoreau believe that the act of going against the law should be done in a passive manner. King explains, â€Å"Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. † (175). These writers also coincide that once someone has broken a law, he or she must be willing to accept the consequences, including the possible penalty of imprisonment. In fact, both men spent time in prison for their acts of civil disobedience. Thoreau was sent to jail after six years of refusing to pay his taxes, due to his opposition to both the Mexican-American War and slavery in America. King was sent to jail for leading several peaceful protests, including a boycott. However, King was imprisoned for much longer than Thoreau, who only spent one day in prison, but was unwillingly bailed out by his aunt. In fact, it was from jail that King wrote his letter, in an effort to defend his actions in Birmingham, which he believed to be completely necessary and justifiable actions of protest. Both Thoreau and King felt that by going to prison, and dealing with the consequences of their actions, they were solidifying and therefore strengthening their protests. Thoreau and King were also of the same mind that a law must be respected regardless of whether it is just or unjust. King fears that anarchy will result if laws are not respected; Thoreau describes that rebellion will be the consequence if laws are not given respect. King declares, â€Å"†¦An individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and willingly accepts the penalty by staying in jail in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the very highest respect for the law. † (King 179). King states his position as one that disagrees with a law, and therefore goes against it in an effort to change it with respect to the government. Both writers agree that getting rid of the government is not the goal, but rather to change its ways. Thoreau articulates, â€Å"†¦to speak practically and as a citizen†¦I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government. Let every man make known what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step toward obtaining it. † (Thoreau 1). Exercising passive resistance is the basis of the title of Thoreau’s work, and King presents several examples of civil disobedience in his letter, such as the Boston Tea Party. King himself not only exercises passive resistance, but he provides the procedure to be followed for any nonviolent campaign. With the exception of King’s added religious beliefs, Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, Jr. shared the same ideas concerning civil disobedience and the ways in which one should deal with just and unjust laws, although they demonstrated their viewpoints in different ways. Both of these writers believed that any law that was in conflict with a person’s conscience should be respected, but still challenged in a passive manner. To prove this belief, both Thoreau and King practiced it themselves.

Free Essays on Biography of M.C. Escher

Maurits Cornelis (M.C.) Escher was born on June 17, 1898, in the Dutch province of Friesland *lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/europe/Netherlands.jpg*. His parents, George Arnold Escher and Sarah Gleichman Escher, had three sons of which Maurits (called Mauk for short) was the youngest. His father, George, was a civil engineer. The Escher family was living in Leeuwarden in 1898, where George served as Chief Engineer for a government bureau. The family lived in a grand house named "Princessehof," which would later become a museum and host exhibitions of M.C. Escher's works. Young M.C. Escher moved with his family to Arnhem. He attended elementary and secondary school there, and also in the seaside town of Zandvoort, where he lived for a while to improve his health. In 1907, he started learning carpentry and piano. In secondary school, his marks were poor except in drawing. His art teacher took and interest in his drawing talent, and taught him to make linocuts. He failed his final exam and thus never officially graduated. In 1913, M.C. Escher met his lifelong friend Bas Kist in religious school (which he attended at his parent's direction, even though he wasn't very religious). Kist was also interested in printing techniques, and may have encouraged M.C. to make his first linoleum cut works. Amoung these early works is a portrait of his father which is the oldest surviving work by the artist. In 1917, the two friends visited the artist Gert Stegeman, who had a printing press in his studio. Some of M.C.'s work from this year were apparently printed at Stegeman's. Also, in 1917, the Escher family moved to Oosterbeek, Holland. During this year and the following few years, M.C. Escher and his friends became very involved in literature, and M.C. began to write some of his own poems and essays. In 1918, Escher began private lessons and studies in architecture at the Higher Technology School in Delft. He managed to get ... Free Essays on Biography of M.C. Escher Free Essays on Biography of M.C. Escher Maurits Cornelis (M.C.) Escher was born on June 17, 1898, in the Dutch province of Friesland *lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/europe/Netherlands.jpg*. His parents, George Arnold Escher and Sarah Gleichman Escher, had three sons of which Maurits (called Mauk for short) was the youngest. His father, George, was a civil engineer. The Escher family was living in Leeuwarden in 1898, where George served as Chief Engineer for a government bureau. The family lived in a grand house named "Princessehof," which would later become a museum and host exhibitions of M.C. Escher's works. Young M.C. Escher moved with his family to Arnhem. He attended elementary and secondary school there, and also in the seaside town of Zandvoort, where he lived for a while to improve his health. In 1907, he started learning carpentry and piano. In secondary school, his marks were poor except in drawing. His art teacher took and interest in his drawing talent, and taught him to make linocuts. He failed his final exam and thus never officially graduated. In 1913, M.C. Escher met his lifelong friend Bas Kist in religious school (which he attended at his parent's direction, even though he wasn't very religious). Kist was also interested in printing techniques, and may have encouraged M.C. to make his first linoleum cut works. Amoung these early works is a portrait of his father which is the oldest surviving work by the artist. In 1917, the two friends visited the artist Gert Stegeman, who had a printing press in his studio. Some of M.C.'s work from this year were apparently printed at Stegeman's. Also, in 1917, the Escher family moved to Oosterbeek, Holland. During this year and the following few years, M.C. Escher and his friends became very involved in literature, and M.C. began to write some of his own poems and essays. In 1918, Escher began private lessons and studies in architecture at the Higher Technology School in Delft. He managed to get ...

Jack London Love of Life Essays

Jack London Love of Life Essays Jack London Love of Life Essay Jack London Love of Life Essay Essay Topic: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Genealogic Classification and typology of languages. 2. Language as a Social Phenomenon. Definition of Language. Functions of the Language. 3. Languages as a Systemic System . Language Levels and Components. The History of the English Language 1. Theories of Language Evolution. Periodization of English and Main Events in the History of English 2. Common LinguisticFeatures of Ancient and Modern Germanic Languages 3. Grammatical andLexical Peculiarities of Old English 4. Main Features ofMiddle English: Phonetics, Grammar, Vocabulary 5.The Characteristicsof Early Modern English. The Process of Language Standardization 6. Development ofWiring in the history of the English language The EnglishLiterature 1. Old EnglishLiterature / Epic, Lyric, Historical works/ 2. Middle EnglishLiterature /G. Chaucer, WLangland, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight/ 3. The Main Periods inthe Literary Activity of William Shakespeare 4. The Romantic Subjectin Lord Byrons Poetry 5. The Victorian Age inEnglish Lite rature. 6. English Prose of theXXth Century The English Lexicology 1.Word Building Processes Based on Addition and Contraction 2. Peculiarities of American and British English 3. Criteria of Classification of the Phraseological Units 4. Synonymy, Antonymy and Homonymy 5. The Development of English and American Lexicography 6. Variants and Dialects of the English language 7. The Etymology of the English Word Stock 8. The Theory of the Word. Lexical Meaning and Semantic Structure of English Words. The English Stylistics 1. Functional Styles of the English Language 2. Phono-Graphical Expressive Means. 3.Lexical Stylistic Devices / Metaphor, Metonymy, Irony, Zeugma, Pun, Epithet, / 4. Lexical stylistic Devices /Oxymoron, Simile, Periphrases, Hyperbole, Repetition, Understatement/ 5. Syntactical Stylistic Devices /Stylistics Inversion, Detached Constructions, Parallel Construction, Chiasmus, Suspense, Climax, Antithesis/ 6. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary Theory and Pr actice of Translation 1. Speak on the Scienceof translating. 2. Types ofTranslations. 3. Levels ofEquivalence of Translation. 4. Lexical Aspects ofTranslation 5.Machine Translationand its Perspectives 6. Handling AttributiveGroups 7. Translation ofPhraseological Units 8. Handling Equivalentand Equivalent-Lacking Forms and Structures 9. Translation of ModalForms 10. Direct and IndirectTranslating Procedures 11. Intercultural andInterlingual Translation 12. FundamentalParameters of Translational Competences 13. Pragmatics ofTranslation 14. Stylistic Aspects ofTranslation 15. Lexical and GrammarDifficulties in Translation 16. Types ofTransformations in the Process of Translation /lexical, grammatical, syntactic, miscellaneous types/ 17.AntonymousTranslation. Compensation in Translation. Other Translation Problems. Traductology 1. ProfessionalTranslation as an Act of Communication. The Role of a Translator. 2. Different Approachesto Translation. Four Schools of Translation. 3. Different Aspects ofTranslation Activity. Translation and Cultural Equation. 4. Components of Actsof Communication / aims, intentions, content, package / 5. Fidelity as aPhenomenon in Translation. Verbalizing a Simple Idea. 6. Principles of Fidelity/ primary and secondary information/ 7.Differences betweenInterpretation and Translation 8. KnowledgeAcquisition in Written and Oral Translation 9. Meanings of Words. Aspects of Synonyms* Translation 10. Translation and Style. Pragmatics of the Text 11. Translation of Terms and Professionalisms 12. Semantic Engineering and Levels of Translators Approximation 13. The Nature ofLiterature and Informative Text Translation. The Genres of Literary works 14. The Subdivisions ofInformative Translation /scientific and technical texts, publicistic texts,official documents etc/

Eastern University Admissions and Tuition

Eastern University Admissions and Tuition Eastern University Admissions Overview: Eastern University is not highly selective, as it has a 61% acceptance rate. Students will generally need solid grades and test scores in order to be admitted. To apply, prospective students need to submit a completed application (online or through the mail), scores from the SAT or ACT, an academic reference, and a high school transcript. There is an essay question students can choose to respond to, although it is not required. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): Eastern University Acceptance Rate: 61%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 470 / 570SAT Math: 460 / 570SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 19  / 23ACT English: 18 / 24ACT Math: 17  / 25What these ACT numbers mean Eastern University Description: A Christian university affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA, Eastern University is located on a suburban campus in St. Davids, Pennsylvania, just west of Philadelphia  (see  all Philadelphia area colleges). Started as a department of the Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary in 1925, the University became its own entity in 1952, moving to its present location. Eastern University is committed to an education grounded in Christian faith, reasoning, and justice. The main undergraduate campus offers 35 majors and 34 minors (some of the most common majors include business, finance, and ministry), and professional fields such as education and nursing are quite popular. The universitys 14 to 1 student to faculty ratio allows for small classes and opportunities for students to work with their professors on a more individual basis. On the athletic front, the Eastern Eagles compete in the NCAA Division III Middle Atlantic Conferences. The college fields seven mens and nine wome ns intercollegiate sports as well as several club sports. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 3,420  (2,082 undergraduate)Gender Breakdown: 30% Male / 70% Female85% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $31,140Books: $1,200 (why so much?)Room and Board: $10,674Other Expenses: $3,330Total Cost: $46,344 Eastern University Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 100%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 100%Loans: 76%Average Amount of AidGrants: $21,137Loans: $8,316 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Elementary Education, Nursing, Psychology, Youth MinistryWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 78%4-Year Graduation Rate: 55%6-Year Graduation Rate: 65% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Track and Field, Baseball, Basketball, Golf, Soccer, Lacrosse, Tennis, Cross Country  Womens Sports:  Basketball, Volleyball, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross Country, Soccer, Field Hockey, Softball Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics Eastern and the Common Application Eastern University uses the  Common Application. These articles can help guide you: Common Application essay tips and samplesShort answer tips and samplesSupplemental essay tips and samples If You Like Eastern University, You May Also Like These Schools: Drexel University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphArcadia University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphLa Salle University: Profile  Pennsylvania State University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCabrini College: Profile  Marywood University: Profile  Albright College: Profile  Shippenburg University of Pennsylvania: ProfileAlvernia University: Profile  Temple University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMessiah College: Profile  Liberty University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBloomsburg University of Pennsylvania: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph

Write a description of who you are Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Write a description of who you are - Essay Example A person’s essence of being could come outstandingly or could just be ignored depending on how a person values it and how he lives his own life. Maybe the best questions to ask would be: Are you going to live only for yourself and your family? Or are you bound to go out and outreach for many to become their leader or a role model for a good cause? Or do both? If I choose from any of these goals, then I must cut out a plan and have a mindset gradually moving my life towards the chosen direction. So is one’s essence of being important in knowing a person? To know someone deeply may not come easily. It may take years or ages of conjoined common experiences to know somebody. Hence, whatever approach or how much information you need to know about me or any individual, will depend on how much you want to know or learn about the person. In my opinion, how you live your life will already manifest the character and personality or the person you are now. This goes to say know the person by the way he lives his life. So at this point in time, it is my concern at my age to do the best I can make out of my life, grabbing all the experiences and opportunities that may come my way to enrich and have a fulfilling life later. It does not have to be living in silver platter, a struggle for survival or do a heroic political struggle. Personally, I would say if you are presently happy and you made a lot of other people happy, then that is already a good sign that you are curbing a positive path of your life. Knowing someone usually starts with a conversation. But when conversation is not an option, writing can be a good alternative. So here imagine that I am virtually in front of you smiling and looking at you directly in the eye, showing confidence that what I have written here will interest you more to read on further about my being an encapsulated person. â€Å"Hello, I am

Exploring the Metta Sutta Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exploring the Metta Sutta - Essay Example This is exemplified in the lines "This is what should be done by those who are skilled in goodness and who know the path of peace; Let them be able and upright, straightforward and gentle in speech. Humble and not conceited, contented and easily satisfied. Unburdened with duties and frugal in their ways. Peaceful and calm, and wise and skillful, not proud and demanding in nature." (Discourse On Loving-Kindness, n.d.). Also, the Metta Sutta develops towards the specific acts of goodness one should involve oneself in such as not going against the law. The fact that human beings are also emotional beings highly influenced by feelings in choosing a course of action, the law is an important guiding factor to successfully achieve peace and order in society. And as Buddhism accepts the idea of suffering which is inevitable in our society, the word "wise" in the lines "Let them not do the slightest thing that the wise would later reprove. Wishing: in gladness and in safety, may all beings be at ease,† for me, pertains to lawmakers who should be discerning in governing people and leading them to a better life so as to be able to avoid suffering (Discourse On Loving-Kindness, n.d.). After establishing ones responsibility to honing a peaceful society, it then likens the love and care people that people in position, people who are stronger, & richer should have towards those who are less fortunate to a mothers, which never fails, unconditional, forgiving, and enduring. This is being encompassed in these verses, "May all beings be at ease! Let none deceive another, or despise any being in any state. Let none through anger or ill-will wish harm upon another. Even as a mother protects with her life, her child, her only child, so with a boundless heart, should one cherish all living beings; radiating kindness over the entire world. Spreading upwards to the skies, and downwards to the

New York Times Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New York Times - Essay Example These changes both in the use of the English language and the newspaper itself can be attributed to circumstance and the changing times including progress itself where language become more simplified to facilitate understanding. Some things however did not change such as the general look of the newspaper New York Times. The 1800s can be said to be still part of â€Å"wordy literature† and this can be observed in the August 2, 1888 publication of the New York Times. It is important to note here that newspapers are the simplest form of English of a society in a given day. But still, we can observe in 1838 edition of New York Times that used long sentences with several phrases in a sentence. It can even said that it did not follow the modern rules of writing the first paragraph of newspaper writing which is to use the five W’s (What, Where, Who, Why) and one H (How). This can be observed in the article entitled â€Å"THE POSITION TAKEN BY CONNECTICUT PROHIBITIONISTS: AN ENTHUSIASTIC STATE CONVENTION AT HARTFORD YESTERDAY-NOMINATING A FULL TICKET†. The first paragraph is so long that it took almost half of the length of the page. The content also reflected the conservative perspective of the day where it â€Å"favourably† reported the prohibition of liquor which is unthinkab le today in modern America. The technology of the printing press was obviously primitive as what we can observe in the simple column layout of the 1838 version of New York Times newspaper. The writing style of the New York Times newspaper dramatically changed 50 years later in its August 2, 1938 publication. The language â€Å"modernized† or became more simplified and adopted the modern rules of newspaper writing of following the 5W’s and one H in the first paragraph as an overview of the story to be written. The banner remained the same but the layout of the body of the newspaper allowed some fluidity and style because titles can now be written across columns unlike

International Student Support Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

International Student Support - Essay Example This research demonstrated that students from United Arab Emirates had little choice or input in the choice of course and college, and this affected the ability to motivate themselves for the course. Some of these students probably have no interest in learning English, and the research shows that there is a preference to learn more practical subjects such as engineering as they would be immediately useful in their home country. . The students from the United Arab Emirates are also restricted by their respective armies in terms of movement, and this restricts their ability to integrate with other students. For instance, the other part-time students will have experienced similar processes from pre-arrival to induction and this process would have allowed them to construct relationships. The part-time students are also able to work, and this experience increases their use of the English language as they are using it in the practical context. Therefore, the lack of integration and choice is severely hampering the ability of the UAE students to access the college's service support. Table of Contents Introduction The research on which this report is based concentrates on international students from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), who are currently enrolled on programmes that focus on teaching the English Language. This group has been selected because of the unique enrolment process they undertake. They also constitute a significant proportion of full-time English language students at Salisbury College. Most of these students are this college as it has been chosen by the military organisation they represent, and therefore they have had no choice in the selection. Salisbury College is one of twelve colleges that receive army personnel for technical training through a private army contract. These students' first language is Arabic and they were selected in their respective states for tuition at this college. As the choice to attend Salisbury College was not an individual choice, these students have not gone through the normal application route, which would have involved contact with Student Services, which would have helped them arrange their visas, police registration and other details. Instead this has all been centrally, and all they had to do was to get on a plane and attend lessons. As a result of the omission of this important step, these students are presenting with a different set of issues when compared to other international students. For instance, they feel isolated because their English is noticeably poorer than other students, and this probably stems from the lack of integration and socialising which would have been arranged by the college's Student Services. They feel no arrangements have been made to involve them with

Dream for Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Dream for Case Study - Essay Example Once I am up, everything in the room appears in miniature, and perhaps even gets smaller as I struggle to find my school uniform. When I eventually find my school uniform it is, of course, too small. I tuck it under my arm and leave my bedroom - only just managing to fit through the door. I call out to my mother, telling her that my clothes have shrunk. I feel as though my mother must have done something wrong the last time she washed my uniform, and expect her to somehow be able to fix the problem. As I walk down the hallway of the house that leads to the dining room, the hall begins to shrink, and it seems to get longer and longer. The hallway stretches out for about 800 metres, and at different times I feel tired and disillusioned and feel as though I may never reach the end. As I walk I continue to call out to my mother. At first I am angry, then sad, then pleasant, trying different strategies that I feel might get her attention. I feel aware that she can hear me - but is just ignoring me. There are wild cats running back and forth across the hallway in front of me, going from rooms on one side of the hall, into rooms on the other. The cats are mangy and feral and look very startled to see me. At one time I can see around five of them gathered at the end of the hallway in the distance - but by the time I am near to the end they have scurried away. I am glad they are gone because, even though they seemed afraid of me, I was equally wary of them. I notice clumps of cat hair on the floor and think that the cats must have had a fight in the hallway. I feel even more relieved that they are gone. Eventually I reach the dining room door and squeeze through. Once inside the dining room, everything appears relatively normal. I am still fully grown, but the room is its normal size, and so are my parents, who are both at the table eating their breakfast. I hold up my tiny school uniform and try to tell my mother it has shrunk - but can't speak. She looks up and sees me holding the uniform and looks angry. She stands up and slams her hand down on the table, saying "What have you done, mister" My father looks up disapprovingly and shakes his head, then returns to eating his breakfast. He is eating sausages and eggs, and I notice he is trying to cut them up using a tiny, miniature knife and fork. I look down and notice his right hand shrinking. I think: 'Oh no, he's shrinking too - it's starting again.' I look away and try to pretend I didn't see it. I am scared my mother will blame me for shrinking him. My mother grabs the uniform off me and throws it in the garbage disposal. When she turns on the garbage disposal it makes a loud shriek - like a woman screaming in agony - but noone seems to notice the sound except me. My mother says: "You will just have to go to school naked - again." I look down and realise that I have no clothes on and panic and feel embarrassed, then I notice that she said 'again' - and feel even more humiliated. I start struggling to recall when I had previously been to school naked - but can't remember any such incident. I start to feel compelled to correct my mother, and explain that I had never been to school without my clothes on - but she refuses to listen and gets angry - telling me to hurry up and eat my breakfast. I steal a glance at my father and his hand is back to normal, I feel relieved and start to eat my breakfast - which is also sausages and eggs. As I start to eat, it

International Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

International Business - Research Paper Example The first branch was opened at Miami. Burger King adopted a tradition of quick service which attracted many Burger King made a business strategy with clear goals and objectives that saw it expand rapidly and made more profits than initially following the reduction in the overall sales and profits of the business. They wanted to have a new look, and virtually changed how everything was being run. The plan included strategic analysis of the business environment, identification of the business threats and the opportunities available in the market, extensive advertisements, quality control checkup and good customer relations including introduction of arrange of new food products in the market with even better tastes (Penrose, 1995). Burger King has a number of fast food products that in cooperated different prices. This made more sales to be realized as the customers could find what they were willing to pay for. In addition to this, Burger King prepares its hamburgers with a different me thod from other competitors by introducing the method of flame broiling a part from the usual frying method. This availability of different ways of food preparation captures customers of both methods (Kor, 2003). This popularized Burger King among the lovers of hamburgers leading to a popular theme of you can get it the way you want it. Today, Burger King is one of the leading food restaurants in the whole world. It boasts of around 12,000 outlets in fifty states in the United States of America. A number of these restaurants are located in the USA and is reported to account for nearly two thirds of the restaurants. Its presence is also felt in over 74 countries in the world, bringing to a total of approximately 400,000 employees all over the world. In addition to this, Burger King has a strategy to expand its total operating branches all over the world by between 3-4 percent every year. More profit from the Burger King businesses’ are realized from Canada and US, indicating w here sales are done as compared to the other outlets. For instance, the total value of units sold in the year 2009 from Canada and US was USD 2.54 billion. This trend of Burger King concentrating most of the restaurant branches in the US should change in order to avoid unpredicted threats. For example, if the US laws on taxation change so that business entities are over tax or the purchasing power parity of the US may become low leading to low customer demand which may see prices of food products falling below the equilibrium. Currently there are property rights in the USA but the future is uncertain for any country in the world. Change in politics may also play another factor that may lead to losses when a business concentrates its branches in one country. In addition a strong competitor may emerge in the US backed by powerful sources that can see Burger King run out of their money in the US. Therefore it can be recommended for Burger Kings to look beyond the US market by opening m ore branches in other countries like China, India, Japan other fast coming economies that has seen their economy grow faster than for the US. Burger King continues being successful perhaps in relation to their long time existence in the market characterized by a number of experiences gained in the last fifty years being brought over board. Burger King is a well known brand by millions of consumers to be an entity that always provide exceptional services to its customers besides quality

Dream for Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Dream for Case Study - Essay Example Once I am up, everything in the room appears in miniature, and perhaps even gets smaller as I struggle to find my school uniform. When I eventually find my school uniform it is, of course, too small. I tuck it under my arm and leave my bedroom - only just managing to fit through the door. I call out to my mother, telling her that my clothes have shrunk. I feel as though my mother must have done something wrong the last time she washed my uniform, and expect her to somehow be able to fix the problem. As I walk down the hallway of the house that leads to the dining room, the hall begins to shrink, and it seems to get longer and longer. The hallway stretches out for about 800 metres, and at different times I feel tired and disillusioned and feel as though I may never reach the end. As I walk I continue to call out to my mother. At first I am angry, then sad, then pleasant, trying different strategies that I feel might get her attention. I feel aware that she can hear me - but is just ignoring me. There are wild cats running back and forth across the hallway in front of me, going from rooms on one side of the hall, into rooms on the other. The cats are mangy and feral and look very startled to see me. At one time I can see around five of them gathered at the end of the hallway in the distance - but by the time I am near to the end they have scurried away. I am glad they are gone because, even though they seemed afraid of me, I was equally wary of them. I notice clumps of cat hair on the floor and think that the cats must have had a fight in the hallway. I feel even more relieved that they are gone. Eventually I reach the dining room door and squeeze through. Once inside the dining room, everything appears relatively normal. I am still fully grown, but the room is its normal size, and so are my parents, who are both at the table eating their breakfast. I hold up my tiny school uniform and try to tell my mother it has shrunk - but can't speak. She looks up and sees me holding the uniform and looks angry. She stands up and slams her hand down on the table, saying "What have you done, mister" My father looks up disapprovingly and shakes his head, then returns to eating his breakfast. He is eating sausages and eggs, and I notice he is trying to cut them up using a tiny, miniature knife and fork. I look down and notice his right hand shrinking. I think: 'Oh no, he's shrinking too - it's starting again.' I look away and try to pretend I didn't see it. I am scared my mother will blame me for shrinking him. My mother grabs the uniform off me and throws it in the garbage disposal. When she turns on the garbage disposal it makes a loud shriek - like a woman screaming in agony - but noone seems to notice the sound except me. My mother says: "You will just have to go to school naked - again." I look down and realise that I have no clothes on and panic and feel embarrassed, then I notice that she said 'again' - and feel even more humiliated. I start struggling to recall when I had previously been to school naked - but can't remember any such incident. I start to feel compelled to correct my mother, and explain that I had never been to school without my clothes on - but she refuses to listen and gets angry - telling me to hurry up and eat my breakfast. I steal a glance at my father and his hand is back to normal, I feel relieved and start to eat my breakfast - which is also sausages and eggs. As I start to eat, it

People aspects of capital investment decision making Essay

People aspects of capital investment decision making - Essay Example Though these techniques have successfully gained popularity as deciding tool, however, influence from the human element on decision making still maintains its dominance (paper). Managers of the firm themselves receive impact from their traits leading to influenced preferences in making decision. Among many reasons that advocate the acceptance of human element weight in investment decision, it is also for the fact that capital budgeting techniques has some unanswered queries. For instance, subjectivity of the discount rate used to discount the cash flows. It further states that the outcome of decisions based on capital budgeting techniques does not facilitate learning function as each situation is considered different. Successes or failure of decision from the usage of these techniques are also attributed to manager; and it is a manager who receives promotion (demotion) on success (failure) of project and not the techniques. Also these techniques are not easy to employee and are consi dered as complex procedures. Hence, mentioned ones and many other reasons lead to advocacy to systematically include human element factor in decision making criteria (Simon (1955, 1959), Margolis (1958), and Cyert and March (1963). This report provides the critical evaluation of capital budgeting technique with application on hypothetical project of construction and discusses the impact of various factors mainly managerial implication in results. In the second part, human impact of managerial attitude towards risk is discussed in detail. THE ALTERNATIVE ‘OBJECTIVE PROCESSES’ EVALUATION The alternative objective processes evaluation has been conducted with developing hypothetical example from construction sector. Example is a construction project of three storey building. Project has an initial cost of UK ?. 75, 192 and has been financed by 60% debt and 40% equity. Table 1 provides cash flow details with application of capital budgeting techniques. Details of estimated i nitial cost, revenues, expenses, and loan are provided in appendix. Result of each technique application is discussed under heading titled to technique. TABLE 1: Cash Flow       No. Of Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 Working Capital ? 7,049 ? 7,593 ? 8,181 ? 8,814 ? 9,497 ? - Change in working -? 7,049 -? 545 -? 587 -? 633 -? 683 ? 9,497 Initial investment -? 75,193                Cash flow from Investing -? 75,193 ? 7,049 ? 7,593 ? 8,181 ? 8,814 ? 9,497                      Revenues ? - ? 64,721 ? 69,879 ? 75,449 ? 81,464 ? 87,959 Less: Total Expenses ? - ? 35,283 ? 37,609 ? 41,305 ? 44,888 ? 49,372 Cash From Operating ? - ? 29,438 ? 32,270 ? 34,144 ? 36,576 ? 38,587                      Cash Flow -? 75,193 ? 36,487 ? 39,864 ? 42,325 ? 45,390 ? 48,084 Interest Expense    ? 1,805 ? 1,471 ? 1,125 ? 765 ? 390 EBT    ? 34,682 ? 38,392 ? 41,200 ? 44,626 ? 47,694 Tax(0) ? - ? - ? - ? - ? - ? -                      Total Cash Flows(after Tax) -? 75,193 ? 34,682 ? 38,392 ? 41,200 ? 44,626 ? 47,694 R    ? 0.05 ? 0.05 ? 0.05 ? 0.05 ? 0.05 DCF -? 75,193 ? 33,031 ? 34,823 ? 35,590 ? 36,714 ? 37,370 PAYBACK PERIOD    -? 42,162 -? 7,339 ? 28,251       Based on the positive NPV, the project is suggested to be feasible to undertake. Moreover, evaluation of NPV and other

Driver For Change In Bbc Resources Management Essay

Driver For Change In Bbc Resources Management Essay Evaluate the importance of business processes in delivering outcomes based upon business goals and objectives P1.1 Describe the structure and culture of an organisation and evaluate the inter-relationships between the different processes and functions of an organisation P1.2 Identify the mission, aims and objectives of an organisation and analyse the effect of these on the structure and culture of the organisation. P1.3 Define the methodology to be used to map processes to the organisations objectives and functions and evaluate the output of the process and analyse quality gateways Learning Outcome 2: Develop plans for their areas of responsibility and implement operational plans P2.1 Develop plans which promote goals and objectives for own area of responsibility and ensure plans are consistent with legal, regulatory and ethical requirements P2.2 Use objectives which are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-based to align people and other resources in an effective and efficient way. P2.3 Prepare and agree implementation plans which translate strategic targets into practical efficient and effective actions. P2.4 Manage work activities to prevent ineffective and inefficient deviations from the operational plan through effective monitoring and control P2.5 Implement appropriate systems to achieve objectives and goals of the plan in the most effective and efficient way, on time and to budget and to meet organisational standards of quality. Learning Outcome 3: Design and monitor appropriate systems to ensure quality of product and services P3.1 Define the resources, tools and systems required to support the business process. P3.2 Define and implement quality audit systems/practice to manage and monitor quality to standards specified by the organisation and process operated. P3.3 Embed a quality culture to ensure continuous monitoring and development of the process. Learning Outcome 4: Manage health and safety in the workplace. P4.1 Carry out risk assessments as required by legislation, regulation and organisational requirements and ensure appropriate action is taken. P4.2 Identify health and safety regulations and legislation applicable in specific work situations and ensure these are correctly and effectively applied P4.3 Systematically review organisational health and safety policies and procedures in order to ensure they are effective and that they comply with the appropriate legislation and regulations P4.4 Ensure practical application of health and safety policies and procedures in the workplace. Learning Outcome 5: Improve organisational performance. P5.1 Monitor systems and work activities and identifyproblems and opportunities for improvement P5.2 Recommend improvements which align with the organisations objectives and goals and which result in a reduction in the variation between what customers and other stakeholders want and what products, processes and services deliver. P5.3 Identify the wider implications of proposed changes within the organisation P5.4 Plan, implement and evaluate changes within an organisation Please go through the case below and attempt tasks in the assignment. DRIVER for change in BBC resources Background. London Operations, part BBC Resources Ltd, provides studio, outside broadcast and post production facilities to customers both within and outside the BBC. It was hemorrhaging money at the rate of over  £ 7 million (c. $ 10 million) a year. It was overstaffed and locked into inefficient, outmoded work practices. Under Producers Choice, it was being increasingly ignored by BBC program makers who were going outside the corporation to obtain better terms for production facilities. Under political pressure, the Corporation was so concerned that it was considering selling off all or part of BBC Resources. The companys management required insight and plans to determine whether Resources Ltd could become competitive, and how it could rapidly implement the changes needed to transform the business from its current loss-making situation . Resources management carried out a program of improvement that began with a review of the London Operations to assess current performance, recomended the necessary steps to achieve profitability and to plan and implement the changes. A rigorous analysis of key drivers and levers for cost and performance was carried out. Core processess were identified and mapped and an approach to improvement was adopted, bringing together changes in people, technology and processes. Delivery and Support processes were appraised and simplified, current rules and assumptions governing these processess were challenged and opportunities for radical re-engineering highlighted. The review suggested ways in which the situation could be completly turned around. Resources management used these finidngs to support its case that the facilities should be kept in public ownership, and began a program of implementation of its recomendations to make the operations viable. The approach The approach taken was based around the DRIVER methodology The review suggested a number of improvements, for example reduced process waste, more efficient staffing, supplier rationalisation, improved seasonal management of facilities and customer billing accuracy. The recomendations were supported by rigorous benchmarking exercise within the industry. The review highlighted the many ways of doing business had simply grown up and turned into traditions. the approach taken showed that it was often valid to take a complete fresh look at the way work could be undertaken. This was all the more important since in some of London Operations, major jobs came round on a regular basis, and if a big saving could be made on Wimbledon coverage for example, that saving would be repeated in future years. The opportunities to improve were clear. reduced staffing, modified work practices and a general focus by the managers on the bottom line. Maintaining the new ways of working. One of the organisations key concern was that, although the proposals might be implemented initially, there would be gradual or indeed not so gradual return to old ways with inefficiencies returning and staffing levels rising again, especially through the employment of outside freelance staff. To combat this, a management structure was created that supported the new processess, defined the necessary role and responsibilities to successfully operate the new processes and develop a framework of balanced performance measures, to ensure that the overall performance of London Operations was visible to senior managers. As improvements and changes were implemented and as the senior management became more aware of commercial pressures it was recongnised that, for these changes to have any durability and long lasting impact on the business, it was vitally important that everyone in the organisation understood the part that they had to play in helping run the business around. Furthermore the management team needed to have a clear understanding of what they were doing, why there were doing it and how they needed to do it. To this end the senior management team indentified the need to understand and further develop the mission and vision for the business. Then to be able to cascade these down through the organisation, focussed around a small number of factors that were deemed critical to the achievement of the mission and vision. Mission and Vision Vision Turning Ideas into Reality Mission We will enrich the BBC creatively and financially by helping customers create the sounds of vision of the future. Relied upon for innovation, efficiency and service working with us will be inspirational and fun. Define the project Review the business baseline Identify Opportunities Verify the Opportunities Evaluate and plan implementation Review and Report (Figure C 1.0) DRIVER Methodology Page 02 of 06 Case Study / Scenario Defining measurable Objectives From the mission statement the key words were identified to form the basis for the development of strategic frame work: CASH , CREATIVITY , INNOVATION , SERVICE , EFFICIENCY Using these key words eight factors critical to the achievement of the mission were identified. 1. Skilled, Motivated and Flexible people. 2. Key talent that is industry recognised. 3. Focussed investment in products and services. 4. Profitable revenue growth. 5. Efficent and effective processess. 6. Effective customer relationships. 7. Strong leadership, clarity of direction and cooperation. 8. Industry recognised customer base. To help the business to remain focussed on the achievement of the eight critical factors a set of guiding principles were defined. (Figure C 2.0) Through a series of senior management workshops, the eight factors were further developed to indentify their key activities and performance measures. These performance indicators were then arranged into a balanced set of measures and appropriate targets for the comming year defined for each Sharing S . We will share in the sucess of our business. . Our sucess will be built on team work and cooperation. . We will develop mutually profitable partnerships with our customers based on trust. . Our sucess will be built on team work and cooperation. Partnerships P Equal Opportunities E . We will promote our role as an Equal Opportunity employer to all communities . We encourage open and regular communication throughout the business. Communication C Customer Customer satisfaction Survey Results. No. of Customer Complaints Resolved. Post Contract Review Results. Commendations Resulting in Awards. Strength of Cutomer Relationship. Market Profile Staff Utilisation Facilities Utilisation Quotation Turn-around Time Invoices Issued within 5 Days Processes Finance Return on Sales Return on Capital Employed Market Share external and internal Variance from Cash Flow Budget Performance to Investment Budget Staff Satisfaction survey Results % of staff Within Appraisal Process Turnover of Key Talent Number of Identified Leaders Within a Leadership development programme. Staff Turnover. Absence Rate People Figure C 3.0 Balanced Scorecard of Measures To assist in the development of these key activities, the senior management team used a CSF planning document. ( Figure C 4.0). One planning sheet is detailed for every measure for each CSF. The CSF itself defines what must be achieved. In the example Resources Must have skilled, motiovated and Flexible People. This is linked to one of the performance measures (KPI) and an appropriate description of what that KPI represents is provided. In addition the current performance is given, where applicable, together with its target. The bottom section of the document identifies how the KPI will be achieved. By doing this the business identifies the lower level of specific actions that should be held to achieve the specific sucess factor. Each of these actions is allocated an owner and a date for completion. CSF 1 We must have skilled, motivated and flexible people. Owner A.N. Other. No. KPI Definition Current Measure Target Due Date 1 June 2001 50% N/A Overall staff rating against satisfaction/motivation index Staff satisfaction survey results No. KPI No. Activity Current Measure Driver Measure Resp 1 1 Compile London Operations specific staff survey which asks staff to identify 3 priority issues that motivate/demotivate the. Ask staff to rate how well the business delivers on these issues. AN Other May Staff Satisfaction 1 2 Identify action plan to address these issues. Identify those issues within Studios, OBs and Post Production control and those outside our direct control AN Other July Staff Satisfaction 1 3 Communicate survey results and intended actions. AN Other August Staff Satisfaction 1 4 Implement communication plan to improve staff understanding about the direction of RES Ltd, recognise peoples value, encourages a sense of identity. AN Other July 1 Agree dates for follow up audit. AN Other August The activities that will take place to address the identified performance gaps. Figure C 4.0 CSF Planning document As the whats are cascaded down the hows, responsibility is likely to be cascaded down to the most appropriate level within the organisation. For example, The KPI is owned by a member of the senior management team, as are the 4 identified actions. However, these 4 actions, if cascaded to the next level of detail, would become the whats that would require their own series of hows to be defined and probably be owned functionally by a department or business unit. Implementation of these process allowed for a link to be created from the highest level of critical sucess factor right down to individual or team obejctives and goals. Furthermore it provides a means of feedback through the chain to the CSFs and enables performance to be monitored and aligned to corporate objectives. Achivemenets The project helped London Operations to dramatically enhance its understanding of the business and its performance and identified opportunities to reduce costs by nearly 20%, while maintaining levels o f customer satisfaction and market share. Furthermore the approach has led to these changes being locked into the future working of the business. Many attitutes have changed and barriers broken down to secure the future of Resources Ltd. The schedule for implementation was less than 18 months and the transformation in operations has made Resources Ltd. an attractive commercial proposition. Satisfaction with the approach towards the project can be measured by a number of yard sticks. BBC managers have acknowledged that the savings proposed are far greater than they had anticipated, even in their optimistic moments. One senior BBC manager commented that as a rule of thumb a restructuting exercise costing  £12 million (c. $ 18 m) would be expected to yield savings of around  £6 Millions (c. $9 m) a year in other words it should pay for itself within 2 years. The  £12 million (c. $18 m) resturctuting for London Operations, however, is set to impact the bottom line by over  £ 13 million (c. $20m) per year. This reflects the innovative and creative way in which the project was progressed. Direct feedback has been very positive. The project team were praised particulalry for their interpersonel skills in working with and involving staff, and for the continiously high levels of communications with management on the progress of the work. Senior management recognised and appreciated the Hardsoft approach that blends a rigorous establishment of the hard facts of the situation with a positive effort to communicate details to staff, involve them in the changes and generally build good relationships. Resources staff viewed these as the most inclusive project they had experienced. managers regarded the project as creative, innovative and practical, acheieving the support of employees and achieving benefits that other approaches had failed to do. Tasks Involved in respect to the Case Study / Scenario and Possible Evidence The case study is of BBC resources Limited, a group company of BBC Limited. BBC Resources is in the business of providing studio services to its customers, including BBC itself. BBC Resources has gone through a bad phase where it made losses, but now it seems to have turned around. Case study captures how the company went around turning its fortunes. With reference to the case study, carry out following tasks: Task 1: Describe the culture and structure of BBC resource before the turn around? How did it re-define its mission and objectives? Are these objectives SMART? What changes were made in the structure and culture? How did it go about identifying the processes which need to be worked upon to achieve its goals/objectives? Task 2: Describe the plan which BBC resources made to achieve its goals? How did it go about implementing the plan? How did it decide to monitor and control the plan? Task 3: What resources and tools did BBC Resources use to support the business processes? How did they monitor the quality of processes? What did they do to embed the quality culture? Task 4: What health and safety regulations are applicable to BBC Resources as per UK laws? What are the likely safety risks BBC resources need to worry about? What would you advise BBC Resources to ensure health and safety of its employees given the nature of the business? Task 5: What systems/processes has BBC Resources put in place to identify problems and opportunities for improvement? What were the outcomes of changes that BBC resources implemented? How do you evaluate the outcomes of what BBC Resources has already done for improvement? What are some of the un-anticipated implications of changes that BBC Resources introduced? What are some of the improvements that you would recommend to BBC resources? Grading Criterias MERIT DESCRIPTORS M1. Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions M1.1 Effective judgements have been made M1.2 Complex problems with more than one variable have been explored M1.3 An effective approach to study and research has been applied M2. Select/ design and apply/ appropriate methods/ techniques M2.1 A range of methods and techniques have been applied M2.2 The selection of methods and techniques/ sources has been justified M2.3 Complex information/ data has been synthesized and processed M3. Present and communicate appropriate findings M3.1 The appropriate structure and approach has been used M3.2 Coherent, logical development of principles/ concepts for the intended audience M3.3 The communication is appropriate for familiar and unfamiliar audiences and appropriate media have been used  · Word Process the assignment using font Calibri, size 11 points and convert the same to PDF document before submission.  · Zero percentage (0%) Plagiarism is allowed in your work, however referenced material should be appropriately quoted.  · Use the Harvard Referencing System for referencing and provide complete bibliography.  · Complete the title page and sign the statement of authenticity in your work submission.  · Use Business Report format while creating your case portfolio.  · Do not wait for the last date to submit your work, if you fail to submit in time, no extension would be provided. Important Instructions. Other Notes (if any) Grading Criterias DISTINCTION DESCRIPTORS D1. Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusion D1.1 Conclusion have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified D1.2 The validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria D1.3 Realistic improvement have been proposed against defined characteristics for success D2. Take responsibility for managing and organising activities D2.1 Autonomy/ independence has been demonstrated D2.2 Substantial activities, projects or investigation have been planned, managed and organised D2.3 The important of interdependence has been recognised and achieved D3. Demonstrate convergent/ lateral/ creative thinking D3.1 Ideas have been generated and decisions taken D3.2 Self evaluation has taken place D3.3 Convergent and lateral thinking have been applied

Dopamines role in the Psychological Architecture of Pleasure and Rewar

Dopamine's role in the psychological architecture of pleasure and reward indicates that it is a major element in the determination of reinforcement (Arias-Carrià ³n & Pà ¶ppel, 2007, p. 484). This role was postulated from the discovery of dopamine in reward pathways that are found originating from the midbrain (2). From these discoveries, it has been shown that dopamine has a profound impact upon the existence of â€Å"reward-seeking behaviors† (Arias-Carrià ³n & Pà ¶ppel, 2007, p. 481). A 2006 study done by Mathias Pessiglione and his colleagues demonstrated that subjects given L-DOPA, a precursor to dopamine, were more likely to remember decisions that led to rewards and continue to make those decisions (3). While the experiment central to this study was conducted in the form of a gambling game, the effects that dopamine has on decision making and reinforcement can be derived from the observed effects that L-DOPA had on the participants. This derivation can be made not o nly because L-DOPA is synthesized into dopamine once in the brain but also because gambling is an illuminative behavior in terms of how it represents general reward-seeking behaviors and decisions. As Óscar Arias-Carrià ³n and Ernst Pà ¶ppel put it, â€Å"DA [dopamine] is the brain's mean for reinforcing behavior† (Arias-Carrià ³n & Pà ¶ppel, 2007, p. 486). Furthermore, it has also been shown through experimentation that the responsiveness of dopamine levels in the brain to rewarding experiences is characterized by a degree of neuronal plasticity (4). In this context, â€Å"plasticity† refers to the brain's ability to alter its responses to experiences in accordance with how new or unique the experience is. This quality can help the brain to act as a sieve, filtering out experiences that are n... ...re rapid release of dopamine into the synapse (13). While these mechanisms are different, both essentially achieve the same end result of euphoria, wakefulness, and increased motor activity. These symptoms mirror those of a person with high levels of dopamine, as is seen in psychotic patients. Indeed, high doses of stimulants can even lead to psychotic states involving hallucinations. The contrasting effects of antipsychotics and stimulants on not only behavior but also cognition and physiological processes help to generate a greater understanding of the way that dopamine affects both the mind and the body. While the many nuances and subtleties of dopamine neurotransmission are not well understood, observation of the way that psychoactive drugs influence dopamine's normal functioning can help to create stronger links between this neurotransmitter and human behavior.

An Effective Education :: Educational Teaching Teachers Essays

An Effective Education A unique world of opportunity rests within an educational system. The ability to influence and guide young minds is a wonderful experience, and this is why I will become a teacher. In the process of educating students, individuality and self experience will be used as a fuel for the scholastic fire, which gives students a valid opportunity to be excellent citizens. As a juxtaposition, the importance of education can be compared to a musical composition. In order to effectively perform a musical piece, one must have a certain understanding of keys, notes, and chord progressions. In order to be an effective citizen, one must have a degree of individuality and self experience to complete a truly amazing educational masterpiece. As a teacher I hope to be a positive influence on as many students as possible and to be an intriguing educator so that students and members of the community value my curriculum. If students value me as an individual, then they respect what I have to say and offer to them as individuals. I want students to feel truly enriched after completing one of my courses. After taking one of my classes, students should have obtained practical information that they can somehow relate to their own lives. I feel that individualism is very important in managing a classroom. Everyone has their own distinctive mind and attributes to contribute to the classroom to help all of us become better people. Certain things should be taken into account when one considers the education of another individual. I believe that an effective education should revolve around two main aspects: personal experience and individuality. Oral communications, a content area I am specializing in, requires personal experience speeches in the curriculum. When one presents a speech, they are engaging in a personal experience, which can be good or bad for them. Regardless of this experience being good or bad, they are learning something about themselves. The students will experience first-hand whether or not they like to be in front of people.

Problems Facing University Students

Financial Challenges Facing University Students FA120-Skills to succeed Group Creative problem solving assignment By Megan Sweeney (12522637) Anna Heffernan (12743239) And Ross Swords (12344681) Word Count: two thousand two hundred and eight. Contents Page Section 1: Summary | Pages 3 and 4| Section II: Details of the students challenge| Pages 4 and 5| Section III: Findings| Pages 5 and 6| Section IV: Possible solutions and recommendations| Page 6| Section V: Recommendations| Page 6| References | Page 7| Section I: Summary. IntroductionAfter discussing our assignment as a group we recognised what problems and challenges may be relevant to university students. We felt the topic most relevant to ourselves as a group and the majority of university students, was the financial challenges faced by university students. For most students as they start university it is their first time living away from home which can create problems for both the student and their families financially with bot h the high costs involved in sending a student to university and the difficulties the student faces themselves in budgeting their weekly allowance.Many students struggle to prioritise their money correctly and often spend more money on socialising weekly than on the essentials such as food, and often there is little or no money left to put towards books and curriculum based activities. For the purpose of this assignment and to help ourselves as students manage our money in a more economical manner we have researched the problems and solutions which occur in the everyday life of an Irish university student. Statement of the student challengeThe financial difficulties faced by a university scholar are brought about by the high cost of tuition fees which are constantly increasing as a result of poor management by our previous governments, the high cost of student accommodation for those students who have to move away from home to attend university. Students living away from home also h ave to have a weekly allowance for essentials, heating and electricity bills, and college equipment such as books, calculators, laptops and stationary.Many students that don’t move away from home face high travelling expenses each week with the cost of public transport constantly increasing as the government hike up the prices in order to attempt to get the country out of recession. The significance of the challenge We chose this topic as there is currently so much hype being created in regard to the economic crisis and the effect it is having on the cost of attending university which is creating huge financial problems for students and their families attending university.The government has majorly reduced the amount of financial aid available for undergraduates, many students no longer receive the grant payment which has resulted in many young people not being able to finish their degrees. Due to the current economic climate students are rarely able to secure a stable job so that they can support themselves, which forces many students to be dependent on government allowances. Again this causes financial problems for the students as the allowances available to third level students are minimal.We wanted to explore the different supports available to university students to help students overcome their financial problem’s. Section II: Details of the student challenge. For each student attending university the average cost can vary significantly depending on whether they have to move away from home, travel a long distance to college daily or travel a short distance from their home to college each day. The following table gives an indication of the monthly cost of living in Galway as a student. These costs are an approximation only as monthly costs will depend on each person’s individual needs (NUIG Student-Life 2012).Accommodation| 340 euro| Food| 260 euro| Books/academic requisites| 60 euro| Clothes, laundry| 60 euro| Recreation| 180 euro| Ot her| 100 euro| Monthly Total| 1,000 euro| Nine month academic year| 9,000 euro| As the average Irish yearly income is â‚ ¬24,316 (Irishexaminer. ie), the cost of sending a student to university is over one third of the average Irish yearly wage and this is before the tuition fees have to be paid for which in itself presents a huge challenge for a family to be able to support both the student and the rest of the family.With this in mind most students need as much help as possible to budget, manage their money and make use of the discount and financial schemes available through the university. The university provides a range of support systems to help students overcome financial challenges they may face. For students living away from home medical expenses can be a huge challenge as unfamiliar doctors can overcharge students, students can also be faced with the difficulty of budgeting for medical expenses as students can’t predict when they will become ill.The National Univer sity of Ireland Galway has relived thousands of students from the worries and challenges they face in regard to medical fees as they provide a full medical centre with Doctors, Nurses and physiatrist free of charge to all students in the university. â€Å"Only 10% of the student body is entitled to a medical card (GMS). A medical card entitles the holder to free consultation, free prescriptions and free hospitalisation. Students are not entitled to a medical card unless their parents have such a card or unless they are on a grant. Mature students i. e. ver 24 years of age could be entitled to a card in their own right depending on income. † (NUIG Student-Life 2012). This is a brilliant support service available to all NUI Galway students no matter what financial background the student comes from. The monthly food expense for a university student is two hundred and sixty euro, this can vary hugely depending on whether the student is economical about where they shop and what th ey buy. Students can greatly reduce their shopping expenses by shopping in the cheaper supermarkets such as Lidl, Aldi and Tesco rather than smaller convenience stores which tend be much more expensive. And the key to good shopping is lists – lists you stick to. Never shop hungry and don’t rely on the big name retailers that your folks have shopped in for years, turn your back on brand names and only buy own-brand foods – you will save yourself a packet. A litre of milk from Avonmore costs â‚ ¬1. 14, a litre of Tesco milk costs 75 cents. † (The Irish Times, September 2012). The University also provides hot meals daily at only â‚ ¬5 in the university restaurant which can be very helpful to student who do not have time to return home to eat during the day.As well as the academic side to college students also have to have a social life, which can become very costly and makes it harder for students to budget their money. The titanium ents company put a d iscount card scheme in place to help students save money while socialising. â€Å"Galway Student Discount Card is estimated to save an average student â‚ ¬400 per semester / an average of â‚ ¬5 per night out ( â‚ ¬2 off a taxi, â‚ ¬2 off club admin & â‚ ¬1 off food after). On sale for only â‚ ¬4† (Titaniuments. ie). This is a huge help to students in budgeting for the social side to their time in university.A huge financial problem faced by students is the price of textbooks required for the curriculum many of these books can cost up to â‚ ¬100 each and have to be bought brand new as they all contain individual access codes for course work that has to be completed online. Many students have to buy up to five books per semester which is a huge expense and creates a serious financial problem for students. Bank of Ireland is currently putting schemes in place to allow students to take out loans to pay for books. Section III: Findings Currently at NUI Galway there are several procedures in place to help students live off a small budget and save money.Loyalty cards such as the student union card can get students various discounts at numerous shops and restaurants run by the students union throughout the college. The student union card can also earn students money, by purchasing items at any shop or restaurant run by the SU. Students can build up credit over-time on their purchases and eventually this credit can be turned into cash. NUI Galway also promote the titanium ents card which promotes social discounts for students such as free entry into nightclubs, discounts on taxis, and discounts on fast-food take aways.In University College Dublin they offer many scholarships to students which can be found on www. smurfitschool. ie which is the business school in UCD. An example of one is ‘GMAT MBA Scholarship’ ‘Open to all applicants scoring above 700 on the GMAT. All scholarship applicants must already have been admitted to (have applied for, been interviewed and offered a place on) the full-time MBA Programme before they can be considered for any of the above scholarships. Open to Irish residents and international applicants. ( UCD-2012) in a university aboard such as Harvard, the offer financial aid also such as ‘Harvard College has provided assistance to students who need help in meeting their education expenses for over 350 years, enabling us to seek out the most outstanding scholars in the world and open our doors to students of exceptional ability and promise, regardless of their financial circumstances. Over 60% of undergraduates will receive an estimated $172 million in need-based Harvard Scholarship aid in 2012-13.Just in the past five years we have increased our financial aid by over 70 percent, enhancing our program to ensure the affordability of a Harvard education even in these challenging economic times. We understand that the thought of financing four years of college can be a d aunting prospect for anyone, and we are eager to help you and your family understand our financial aid programs and assist you in finding ways to meet your college costs’ (Harvard-2012) Section IV: Possible solutions and recommendations.After applying the creative problem solving process we as a group began to look at the different ways a problem such as this can be solved. While looking for solutions to the problem we researched numerous websites that offered advice on how students can budget and save money. (Schweitzer 2010) suggests numerous ways for students to save money such as avoiding impulse buying, hiding the credit card and finding bargains. While undertaking more xtensive research into the problem and after reading several articles, another common suggestion on how to budget efficiently was to invest in a student travel card; which can give up to a third off the price of all rail prices (Warnes 2012). Another area that may affect a student budget is clothes shoppi ng. Many students can be fooled into buying expensive brand name clothes that they can’t afford. (Waldron 2012) suggests students should shop at local charity shops such as Oxfam where they can buy a lot of these brand name clothes second hand for a fraction of the price.Although many students may not have been accustomed to shopping in charity shops previously Waldron insists the value for students in this market is a â€Å"no brainer†. Section 5: Recommendations After investigating the possible solutions we as a group discussed the various methods NUIG could undertake to help students tackle their budgeting issues. We looked at the offers that are already available to help students save money such as the SU loyalty card, the titanium ents card, the second hand book scheme etc. We then held numerous brain storming session where we thought of ideas that might help solve the problem.We considered various ideas such as opening a second hand clothes shop in the college or a grocery store where students could buy their weekly shopping at a discount price. We then concluded that projects such as this would incur too much of an expense that may not be affordable for the college. Another idea that we came up with was a student discount guide that could be published by the students union on a weekly basis containing information on where students could find the best discounts in Galway on a weekly basis.The leaflet could advise students on what supermarkets have the best food discounts on this week, what nightclubs are offering discounts, how students could save money on travel etc. Referencing nui galway. (2012). financial matters. Available: http://www. nuigalway. ie/student-life/financial-matters/. Last accessed 14th nov 2012. Titanium Ents and subsidiary groups. (2012). Galway Student Discount Card. Available: http://www. titaniuments. com/galway-student-discount-card/. Last accessed 14th nov 2012 . C O'Doherty. (2012). Dublin â‚ ¬3k ahead of avera ge income. Available: http://www. rishexaminer. com/ireland/dublin-3k-ahead-of-average-income-181644. html. Last accessed 14th nov 2012. nui galway. (2012). medical services. Available: http://www. nuigalway. ie/student-life/student-support/medical-services. html. Last accessed 14th nov 2012 . C Pope. (2012). Cheap and cheerful way through college. Available: http://www. irishtimes. com/newspaper/finance/2012/0911/1224323839157. html. Last accessed 14th nov 2012 . UCD. (2012). Scolarships. Available: http://www. smurfitschool. ie/scholarships/gmatmbascholarships/. Last accessed 14th nov 2012 . Harvard University. (2012).WELCOME TO THE HARVARD COLLEGE FINANCIAL AID OFFICE. Available: http://www. fao. fas. harvard. edu/icb/icb. do. Last accessed 14th nov 2012. Schweitzer. (2010). 10 Easy Ways for Students to Save Money. About. com Guide. 10 (4), 33-34. Warnes, S. (2012). Top 10 brilliant student money saving tips. Available: http://www. neilstoolbox. com/bibliography-creator/reference -website. htm. Last accessed 10/Nov/2012. Waldron,C. (2012). Charity shops: getting too big for their Pradas?. Available: http://campus. ie/college-life/money-matters/charity-shops-getting-too-big-for-their-pradas. Last accessed 12/nov/2012.